Canadian–Turkish relations are foreign relations between Canada and Turkey. Both countries are members of the G20, NATO, Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, United Nations and the World Trade Organization.
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History edit
The first Turkish migrants arrived to Canada in the late 19th century from what was then the Ottoman Empire.[1] In 1922, soon after obtaining its independence, Canada issued its first foreign policy mandate to the United Kingdom that it would not partake in war with Turkey during the Chanak Crisis.[2] First official contact between both nations took place in 1943 when the Turkish government informed Ottawa of its intent to open a resident embassy, which was opened in 1944.[3] Canada followed suit in 1947 by opening an embassy in Ankara.[4]
During the Cold War, relations between both nations evolved mainly around military and security cooperation within the framework of NATO.[3] In March 1985, three members of the Armenian Revolutionary Army attacked the Turkish embassy in Ottawa and held the Ambassador and several other people within the embassy hostage. The attackers wanted Turkey to acknowledge the Armenian genocide. After four hours, the hostages were released unharmed and the armed men were taken into police custody.[5] This was the third assault on Turkish diplomatic staff in Ottawa by Armenian attackers in three years.[5]
In 2004, the Canadian Parliament formally recognized the Armenian Genocide.[6] Canada's recognition has had an adverse effect on the bilateral relations between the two countries.[3]
There have been numerous high-level visits between leaders of both nations. In June 2010, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan paid a visit to Canada to attend the G20 Summit in Toronto. In November 2015, Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau paid a visit to Turkey to attend the G20 Summit in Antalya.[7]
In June 2019, Canada and Turkey signed a Memorandum of Understanding establishing a Joint Economic and Trade Committee, with a view to holding annual meetings between Canadian and Turkish officials and businesses to expand bilateral trade and investment opportunities.[4]
On 9 October 2019, Canadian Minister of Foreign Affairs Chrystia Freeland stated that Canada "firmly condemns" Turkey's military offensive into north-eastern Syria.[8]
During the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, Canada has taken a neutral stance, while Turkey openly supported Azerbaijan. However, after Canadian military technology was found to be used by the Azerbaijani military attacking civilians, Canada suspended export to Azerbaijan, prompting criticism against Canada by Turkey. Relations between Turkey and Canada have started to be strained since 2019 after Turkish intervention in Syria.[9] Turkey accused Canada of "double standard" in freezing military exports to Turkey but not Saudi Arabia, which is involved in military intervention in Yemen.[10]
Trade edit
In 2019, trade between both nations totaled US$2.4 billion.[3] Over 350 Canadian companies have investments in Turkey, mostly in the fields of energy, mining, information technology and infrastructure.[3]
Arms edit
In 2019, Canada decided to block arms exports because Turkey used Canadian arms in the Turkish operations in Syria, but later the restrictions eased. Canada reimposed the restrictions in 2021 after it was found that Canadian technology and arms which were exported to Turkey used in the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh war and Turkey violated the Canadian foreign policy and the end-use assurances given to Canada by her. Turkey said that this move will affect the bilateral relations and undermine alliance solidarity.[11] In early 2024, Canada started to export arms to Turkey again.[12]
Resident diplomatic missions edit
- Canada has an embassy in Ankara and a consulate-general in Istanbul.[13]
- Turkey has an embassy in Ottawa and consulates-general in Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver.[14]
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Embassy of Canada in Ankara -
Embassy of Turkey in Ottawa
See also edit
References edit
- ^ "Turkish Canadians | The Canadian Encyclopedia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca.
- ^ Evan Dyer (10 April 2017). "After Vimy: Did Canada really find its independence in 1922 battle it refused to fight?". CBC News.
- ^ a b c d e Relations Between Turkey and Canada
- ^ a b "Canada-Turkey relations". Archived from the original on 2020-06-05. Retrieved 2020-06-04.
- ^ a b "1985: Deadly embassy attack in Ottawa". CBC. 12 March 1985.
- ^ "Canadian Parliament recognizes Armenian genocide". CBC News. 2004-04-25. Archived from the original on 2023-05-30.
- ^ Government of Canada, Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada (February 26, 2009). "Canada - Turkey Relations". www.canadainternational.gc.ca.
- ^ "Canada condemns Turkey's military action against Kurdish forces". Reuters. October 9, 2019.
- ^ Chase, Steven (16 October 2020). "Turkey accuses Canada of violating NATO alliance 'spirit' by suspending military exports". The Globe and Mail.
- ^ "Turks accuse Canada of 'double standard' in freezing military exports to Turkey but not Saudi Arabia". The Globe and Mail. 6 October 2020.
- ^ "Canada scraps export permits for drone technology to Turkey, complains to Ankara". reuters. 12 April 2021. Retrieved 2021-04-12.
- ^ "Canada drops ban on drone parts export to Türkiye". hurriyetdailynews. 30 January 2024. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
- ^ Government of Canada, Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada (February 26, 2009). "Embassy of Canada to Turkey in Ankara". www.canadainternational.gc.ca.
- ^ "T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı Embassy in Ottawa". ottawa.emb.mfa.gov.tr.
