This is a list of the various reported boiling points for the elements, with recommended values to be used elsewhere on Wikipedia.
Boiling point edit
In the following table, the use row is the value recommended for use in other Wikipedia pages in order to maintain consistency across content.
Reference | Kelvin | Celsius | Fahrenheit |
---|---|---|---|
1 H hydrogen (H2) | |||
use | 20.271 K | −252.879 °C | −423.182 °F |
WebEl | 20.28 K | −252.87 °C | −423.17 °F |
CRC | −252.879 °C | ||
Lange | −252.88 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 21.15 K | -252 °C | |
2 He helium | |||
use | 4.222 K | −268.928 °C | −452.07 °F |
WebEl | 4.22 K | −268.93 °C | −452.07 °F |
CRC | −268.928 °C | ||
Lange | −268.935 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 4.15 K | -269 °C | |
3 Li lithium | |||
use | 1603 K | 1330 °C | 2426 °F |
WebEl | 1615 K | 1342 °C | 2448 °F |
CRC | 1342 °C | ||
Lange | 1330 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1603 K | 1330 °C | |
4 Be beryllium | |||
use | 2742 K | 2469 °C | 4476 °F |
WebEl | 2742 K | 2469 °C | 4476 °F |
CRC | 3243 K | ||
Lange | 2467 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3243 K | 2970 °C | 5378 °F |
5 B boron | |||
use | 4200 K | 3927 °C | 7101 °F |
WebEl | 4200 K | 3927 °C | 7101 °F |
CRC | 4000 °C | ||
Lange | 3864 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 4203 K | 3930 °C | |
6 C carbon (graphite) | |||
use | |||
WebEl | ? (4300 K) | ? (4027 °C) | ? (7281 °F) |
CRC | subl. 3825 °C | ||
Lange | subl. (3915–4020) °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 5103 K | 4830 °C | |
6 C carbon (diamond) | |||
use | 4300 K | 4027 °C | 7281 °F |
WebEl | ? (4300 K) | ? (4027 °C) | ? (7281 °F) |
Lange | 3930 °C | ||
7 N nitrogen (N2) | |||
use | 77.355 K | −195.795 °C | −320.431 °F |
WebEl | 77.36 K | −195.79 °C | −320.42 °F |
CRC | −195.795 °C | ||
Lange | −195.79 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 77.15 K | -196 °C | |
8 O oxygen (O2) | |||
use | 90.188 K | −182.962 °C | −297.332 °F |
WebEl | 90.2 K | −182.9 °C | −297.2 °F |
CRC | −182.962 °C | ||
Lange | −182.96 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 90.15 K | -183 °C | |
9 F fluorine (F2) | |||
use | 85.04 K | −188.11 °C | −306.60 °F |
WebEl | 85.03 K | −188.12 °C | −306.62 °F |
CRC | −188.11 °C | ||
Lange | −188.13 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 85.15 K | -188 °C | |
10 Ne neon | |||
use | 27.104 K | −246.046 °C | −410.883 °F |
WebEl | 27.07 K | −246.08 °C | −410.94 °F |
CRC | −246.046 °C | ||
Lange | −246.05 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 27.15 K | -246 °C | |
11 Na sodium | |||
use | 1156.090 K | 882.940 °C | 1621.292 °F |
WebEl | 1156 K | 883 °C | 1621 °F |
CRC | 882.940 °C | ||
Lange | 881.4 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1163 K | 890 °C | |
12 Mg magnesium | |||
use | 1363 K | 1090 °C | 1994 °F |
WebEl | 1363 K | 1090 °C | 1994 °F |
CRC | 1090 °C | ||
Lange | 1100 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1383 K | 1110 °C | |
13 Al aluminium | |||
use | 2743 K | 2470 °C | 4478 °F |
WebEl | 2792 K | 2519 °C | 4566 °F |
CRC | 2519 °C | ||
Lange | 2518 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2743 K | 2470 °C | 4478 °F |
14 Si silicon | |||
use | 3538 K | 3265 °C | 5909 °F |
WebEl | 3173 K | 2900 °C | 5252 °F |
CRC | 3265 °C | ||
Lange | 3265 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3533 K | 3260 °C | |
15 P phosphorus (white) | |||
use | 550 K | 277 °C | 531 °F |
WebEl | 550 K | 277 °C | 531 °F |
CRC | 280.5 °C | ||
Lange | 280.3 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 553.2 K | 280 °C | |
15 P phosphorus (red) | |||
use | subl. 704 K | subl. 431 °C | subl. 808 °F |
CRC | subl. 431 °C | ||
Lange | subl. 416 °C | ||
16 S sulfur (orthorhombic, alpha) | |||
use | 717.8 K | 444.6 °C | 832.3 °F |
WebEl | ? (717.87 K) | ? (444.72 °C) | ? (832.5 °F) |
CRC | 444.60 °C | ||
Lange | 444.6 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 718.2 K | 445 °C | |
16 S sulfur (monoclinic, beta) | |||
use | 717.8 K | 444.6 °C | 832.3 °F |
WebEl | ? (717.87 K) | ? (444.72 °C) | ? (832.5 °F) |
CRC | 444.60 °C | ||
Lange | 444.6 °C | ||
16 S sulfur (gamma) | |||
use | 717.87 K | 444.72 °C | 832.5 °F |
WebEl | ? (717.87 K) | ? (444.72 °C) | ? (832.5 °F) |
Lange | 444.72 °C | ||
17 Cl chlorine (Cl2) | |||
use | 239.11 K | −34.04 °C | −29.27 °F |
WebEl | 239.11 K | −34.04 °C | −29.27 °F |
CRC | −34.04 °C | ||
Lange | −34.04 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 238.5 K | -34.7 °C | |
18 Ar argon | |||
use | 87.302 K | −185.848 °C | −302.526 °F |
WebEl | 87.3 K | −185.8 °C | −302.4 °F |
CRC | −185.848 °C | ||
Lange | −185.87 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 87.15 K | −186 °C | |
19 K potassium | |||
use | 1032 K | 759 °C | 1398 °F |
WebEl | 1032 K | 759 °C | 1398 °F |
CRC | 759 °C | ||
Lange | 759 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1047 K | 774 °C | 1425 °F |
20 Ca calcium | |||
use | 1757 K | 1484 °C | 2703 °F |
WebEl | 1757 K | 1484 °C | 2703 °F |
CRC | 1484 °C | ||
Lange | 1484 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1760 K | 1487 °C | |
21 Sc scandium | |||
use | 3109 K | 2836 °C | 5136 °F |
WebEl | 3103 K | 2830 °C | 5126 °F |
CRC | 2836 °C | ||
Lange | 2836 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3003 K | 2730 °C | |
22 Ti titanium (hexagonal) | |||
use | 3560 K | 3287 °C | 5949 °F |
WebEl | 3560 K | 3287 °C | 5949 °F |
CRC | 3287 °C | ||
Lange | 3287 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3533 K | 3260 °C | |
23 V vanadium | |||
use | 3680 K | 3407 °C | 6165 °F |
WebEl | 3680 K | 3407 °C | 6165 °F |
CRC | 3407 °C | ||
Lange | 3421 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3680 K | 3407 °C | |
24 Cr chromium | |||
use | 2755 K | 2482 °C | 4499 °F |
Zhang et al. | 2755 K | 2482 °C | 4499 °F |
WebEl | 2944 K | 2671 °C | 4840 °F |
CRC | 2671 °C | ||
Lange | 2679 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2755 K | 2482 °C | |
25 Mn manganese | |||
use | 2334 K | 2061 °C | 3742 °F |
WebEl | 2334 K | 2061 °C | 3742 °F |
CRC | 2061 °C | ||
Lange | 2095 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2373 K | 2100 °C | |
26 Fe iron | |||
use | 3134 K | 2861 °C | 5182 °F |
WebEl | 3134 K | 2861 °C | 5182 °F |
CRC | 2861 °C | ||
Lange | 2861 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3273 K | 3000 °C | |
27 Co cobalt | |||
use | 3200 K | 2927 °C | 5301 °F |
WebEl | 3200 K | 2927 °C | 5301 °F |
CRC | 2927 °C | ||
Lange | 2927 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3173 K | 2900 °C | |
28 Ni nickel | |||
use | 3003 K | 2730 °C | 4946 °F |
WebEl | 3186 K | 2913 °C | 5275 °F |
CRC | 2913 °C | ||
Lange | 2884 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3003 K | 2730 °C | 4946 °F |
29 Cu copper | |||
use | 2835 K | 2562 °C | 4643 °F |
WebEl | 3200 K | 2927 °C | 5301 °F |
CRC | 2562 °C | ||
Lange | 2561.5 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2868 K | 2595 °C | |
30 Zn zinc | |||
use | 1180 K | 907 °C | 1665 °F |
WebEl | 1180 K | 907 °C | 1665 °F |
CRC | 907 °C | ||
Lange | 907 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1180 K | 907 °C | |
31 Ga gallium | |||
use | 2673 K | 2400 °C | 4352 °F |
WebEl | 2477 K | 2204 °C | 3999 °F |
CRC | 2204 °C | ||
Lange | 2203 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2673 K | 2400 °C | 4352 °F |
32 Ge germanium | |||
use | 3106 K | 2833 °C | 5131 °F |
WebEl | 3093 K | 2820 °C | 5108 °F |
CRC | 2833 °C | ||
Lange | 2830 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3103 K | 2830 °C | |
33 As arsenic (gray) | |||
use | 887 K | subl. 614 °C | 1137 °F |
WebEl | 887 K | 614 °C | 1137 °F |
CRC | subl. 603 °C | ||
Lange | subl. 615 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 886.2 K | 613 °C | |
34 Se selenium (hexagonal, gray) | |||
use | 958 K | 685 °C | 1265 °F |
WebEl | 958 K | 685 °C | 1265 °F |
CRC | 685 °C | ||
Lange | 685 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 958.2 K | 685 °C | |
35 Br bromine (Br2) | |||
use | 332.0 K | 58.8 °C | 137.8 °F |
WebEl | 332 K | 59 °C | 138 °F |
CRC | 58.8 °C | ||
Lange | 58.8 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 331.7 K | 58.5 °C | |
36 Kr krypton | |||
use | 119.735 K | −153.415 °C | −244.147 °F |
WebEl | 119.93 K | −153.22 °C | −243.8 °F |
CRC | −153.415 °C | ||
Lange | −153.22 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 121.2 K | -152 °C | |
37 Rb rubidium | |||
use | 961 K | 688 °C | 1270 °F |
WebEl | 961 K | 688 °C | 1270 °F |
CRC | 688 °C | ||
Lange | 691 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 961.2 K | 688 °C | |
38 Sr strontium | |||
use | 1650 K | 1382 °C | 2511 °F |
WebEl | 1655 K | 1382 °C | 2520 °F |
CRC | 1377 °C | ||
Lange | 1366 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1653 K | 1380 °C | |
39 Y yttrium | |||
use | 3203 K | 2930 °C | 5306 °F |
WebEl | 3609 K | 3336 °C | 6037 °F |
CRC | 3345 °C | ||
Lange | 3345 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3203 K | 2930 °C | 5306 °F |
40 Zr zirconium | |||
use | 4650 K | 4377 °C | 7911 °F |
WebEl | 4682 K | 4409 °C | 7968 °F |
CRC | 4409 °C | ||
Lange | 3577 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 4650 K | 4377 °C | 7911 °F |
41 Nb niobium | |||
use | 5017 K | 4744 °C | 8571 °F |
WebEl | 5017 K | 4744 °C | 8571 °F |
CRC | 4744 °C | ||
Lange | 4860 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 5017 K | 4744 °C | |
42 Mo molybdenum | |||
use | 4912 K | 4639 °C | 8382 °F |
WebEl | 4912 K | 4639 °C | 8382 °F |
CRC | 4639 °C | ||
Lange | 4825 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 4885 K | 4612 °C | |
43 Tc technetium (Tc-98 ?) | |||
use | 4538 K | 4265 °C | 7709 °F |
WebEl | 4538 K | 4265 °C | 7709 °F |
CRC | 4265 °C | ||
Lange | (Tc-98) 4265 °C | ||
est. 4900 K; Schwochau, Klaus, Technetium, p. 95 Wiley-VCH (2000), ISBN 3-527-29496-1 | |||
44 Ru ruthenium | |||
use | 4423 K | 4150 °C | 7502 °F |
WebEl | 4423 K | 4150 °C | 7502 °F |
CRC | 4150 °C | ||
Lange | 4150 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 4423 K | 4150 °C | |
45 Rh rhodium | |||
use | 3968 K | 3695 °C | 6683 °F |
WebEl | 3968 K | 3695 °C | 6683 °F |
CRC | 3695 °C | ||
Lange | 3727 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 4000 K | 3727 °C | |
46 Pd palladium | |||
use | 3236 K | 2963 °C | 5365 °F |
WebEl | 3236 K | 2963 °C | 5365 °F |
CRC | 2963 °C | ||
Lange | 3167 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3233 K | 2960 °C | |
47 Ag silver | |||
use | 2483 K | 2210 °C | 4010 °F |
WebEl | 2435 K | 2162 °C | 3924 °F |
CRC | 2162 °C | ||
Lange | 2164 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2483 K | 2210 °C | 4010 °F |
48 Cd cadmium | |||
use | 1040 K | 767 °C | 1413 °F |
WebEl | 1040 K | 767 °C | 1413 °F |
CRC | 767 °C | ||
Lange | 765 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1038 K | 765 °C | |
49 In indium | |||
use | 2345 K | 2072 °C | 3762 °F |
WebEl | 2345 K | 2072 °C | 3762 °F |
CRC | 2072 °C | ||
Lange | 2072 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2273 K | 2000 °C | |
50 Sn tin (white) | |||
use | 2875 K | 2602 °C | 4716 °F |
WebEl | 2875 K | 2602 °C | 4716 °F |
CRC | 2602 °C | ||
Lange | 2602 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2893 K | 2620 °C | |
51 Sb antimony | |||
use | 1908 K | 1635 °C | 2975 °F |
WebEl | 1860 K | 1587 °C | 2889 °F |
CRC | 1587 °C | ||
Lange | 1587 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1908 K | 1635 °C | |
52 Te tellurium | |||
use | 1261 K | 988 °C | 1810 °F |
WebEl | 1261 K | 988 °C | 1810 °F |
CRC | 988 °C | ||
Lange | 989.9 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1263 K | 990 °C | |
53 I iodine (I2) | |||
use | 457.4 K | 184.3 °C | 363.7 °F |
WebEl | 457.4 K | 184.3 °C | 363.7 °F |
CRC | 184.4 °C | ||
Lange | 185.24 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 457.2 K | 184 °C | |
54 Xe xenon | |||
use | 165.051 K | −108.099 °C | −162.578 °F |
WebEl | 165.1 K | −108 °C | −162 °F |
CRC | −108.099 °C | ||
Lange | −108.04 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 165.2 K | -108 °C | |
55 Cs caesium | |||
use | 944 K | 671 °C | 1240 °F |
WebEl | 944 K | 671 °C | 1240 °F |
CRC | 671 °C | ||
Lange | 668.2 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 963.2 K | 690 °C | |
56 Ba barium | |||
use | 1910 K | 1637 °C | 2978 °F |
WebEl | 2143 K | 1870 °C | 3398 °F |
CRC | 1845 °C | ||
Lange | 1845 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1910 K | 1637 °C | |
57 La lanthanum | |||
use | 3737 K | 3464 °C | 6267 °F |
WebEl | 3743 K | 3470 °C | 6278 °F |
CRC | 3464 °C | ||
Lange | 3464 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3743 K | 3470 °C | |
58 Ce cerium | |||
use | 3716 K | 3443 °C | 6229 °F |
WebEl | 3633 K | 3360 °C | 6080 °F |
CRC | 3443 °C | ||
Lange | 3440 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3743 K | 3470 °C | |
59 Pr praseodymium | |||
use | 3403 K | 3130 °C | 5666 °F |
WebEl | 3563 K | 3290 °C | 5954 °F |
CRC | 3520 °C | ||
Lange | 3520 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3403 K | 3130 °C | |
60 Nd neodymium | |||
use | 3347 K | 3074 °C | 5565 °F |
WebEl | 3373 K | 3100 °C | 5612 °F |
CRC | 3074 °C | ||
Lange | 3074 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3303 K | 3030 °C | |
61 Pm promethium (Pm-147 ?) | |||
use | 3273 K | 3000 °C | 5432 °F |
WebEl | 3273 K | 3000 °C | 5432 °F |
CRC | 3000 °C | ||
Lange | (Pm-147) estimated 3000 °C | ||
62 Sm samarium | |||
use | 2173 K | 1900 °C | 3452 °F |
WebEl | 2076 K | 1803 °C | 3277 °F |
CRC | 1794 °C | ||
Lange | 1794 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2173 K | 1900 °C | 3452 °F |
63 Eu europium | |||
use | 1802 K | 1529 °C | 2784 °F |
WebEl | 1800 K | 1527 °C | 2781 °F |
CRC | 1529 °C | ||
Lange | 1527 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1713 K | 1440 °C | |
64 Gd gadolinium | |||
use | 3546 K | 3273 °C | 5923 °F |
WebEl | 3523 K | 3250 °C | 5882 °F |
CRC | 3273 °C | ||
Lange | 3273 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3273 K | 3000 °C | 5432 °F |
65 Tb terbium | |||
use | 3396 K | 3123 °C | 5653 °F |
WebEl | 3503 K | 3230 °C | 5846 °F |
CRC | 3230 °C | ||
Lange | 3230 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3396 K | 3123 °C | 5653 °F |
66 Dy dysprosium | |||
use | 2840 K | 2567 °C | 4653 °F |
WebEl | 2840 K | 2567 °C | 4653 °F |
CRC | 2567 °C | ||
Lange | 2567 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2873 K | 2600 °C | |
67 Ho holmium | |||
use | 2873 K | 2600 °C | 4712 °F |
WebEl | 2993 K | 2720 °C | 4928 °F |
CRC | 2700 °C | ||
Lange | 2720 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2873 K | 2600 °C | 4712 °F |
68 Er erbium | |||
use | 3141 K | 2868 °C | 5194 °F |
WebEl | 3141 K | 2868 °C | 5194 °F |
CRC | 2868 °C | ||
Lange | 2868 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3173 K | 2900 °C | |
69 Tm thulium | |||
use | 2223 K | 1950 °C | 3542 °F |
WebEl | 2223 K | 1950 °C | 3542 °F |
CRC | 1950 °C | ||
Lange | 1950 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2223 K | 1950 °C | 3542 °F |
70 Yb ytterbium | |||
use | 1703 K | 1430 °C | 2606 °F |
WebEl | 1469 K | 1196 °C | 2185 °F |
CRC | 1196 °C | ||
Lange | 1196 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1703K | 1430 °C | 2606 °F |
71 Lu lutetium | |||
use | 3675 K | 3402 °C | 6156 °F |
WebEl | 3675 K | 3402 °C | 6156 °F |
CRC | 3402 °C | ||
Lange | 3402 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3603 K | 3330 °C | |
72 Hf hafnium | |||
use | 4876 K | 4603 °C | 8317 °F |
WebEl | 4876 K | 4603 °C | 8317 °F |
CRC | 4603 °C | ||
Lange | 4450 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 4876 K | 4603 °C | |
73 Ta tantalum | |||
use | 5731 K | 5458 °C | 9856 °F |
WebEl | 5731 K | 5458 °C | 9856 °F |
CRC | 5458 °C | ||
Lange | 5429 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 5693 K | 5420 °C | |
74 W tungsten | |||
use | 6203 K | 5930 °C | 10706 °F |
WebEl | 5828 K | 5555 °C | 10031 °F |
CRC | 5555 °C | ||
Lange | 5900 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 6203 K | 5930 °C | 10706 °F |
75 Re rhenium | |||
use | 5869 K | 5596 °C | 10105 °F |
WebEl | 5869 K | 5596 °C | 10105 °F |
CRC | 5596 °C | ||
Lange | 5678 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 5903 K | 5630 °C | |
76 Os osmium | |||
use | 5285 K | 5012 °C | 9054 °F |
WebEl | 5285 K | 5012 °C | 9054 °F |
CRC | 5012 °C | ||
Lange | 5225 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 5273 K | 5000 °C | |
77 Ir iridium | |||
use | 4403 K | 4130 °C | 7466 °F |
WebEl | 4701 K | 4428 °C | 8002 °F |
CRC | 4428 °C | ||
Lange | circa 2550 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 4403 K | 4130 °C | 7466 °F |
78 Pt platinum | |||
use | 4098 K | 3825 °C | 6917 °F |
WebEl | 4098 K | 3825 °C | 6917 °F |
CRC | 3825 °C | ||
Lange | 3824 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 4100 K | 3827 °C | |
79 Au gold | |||
use | 3243 K | 2970 °C | 5378 °F |
WebEl | 3129 K | 2856 °C | 5173 °F |
CRC | 2856 °C | ||
Lange | 2856 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 3243 K | 2970 °C | 5378 °F |
80 Hg mercury | |||
use | 629.88 K | 356.73 °C | 674.11 °F |
WebEl | 629.88 K | 356.73 °C | 674.11 °F |
CRC | 356.73 °C | ||
Lange | 356.7 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 630.2 K | 357 °C | |
81 Tl thallium | |||
use | 1746 K | 1473 °C | 2683 °F |
WebEl | 1746 K | 1473 °C | 2683 °F |
CRC | 1473 °C | ||
Lange | 1457 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1733 K | 1460 °C | |
82 Pb lead | |||
use | 2022 K | 1749 °C | 3180 °F |
WebEl | 2022 K | 1749 °C | 3180 °F |
CRC | 1749 °C | ||
Lange | 1749 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 2017 K | 1744 °C | |
83 Bi bismuth | |||
use | 1837 K | 1564 °C | 2847 °F |
WebEl | 1837 K | 1564 °C | 2847 °F |
CRC | 1564 °C | ||
Lange | 1564 °C | ||
Zhang et al. | 1833 K | 1560 °C | |
84 Po polonium (alpha) | |||
use | 1235 K | 962 °C | 1764 °F |
WebEl | 1235 K | 962 °C | 1764 °F |
CRC | 962 °C | ||
Lange | 962 °C | ||
85 At astatine (At2) | |||
use | 503±3 K | 230±3 °C | 445±5 °F |
Otozai et al. | 503±3 K | ||
86 Rn radon | |||
use | 211.5 K | −61.7 °C | −79.1 °F |
WebEl | 211.3 K | −61.7 °C | −79.1 °F |
CRC | −61.7 °C | ||
Lange | −62 °C | ||
87 Fr francium | |||
use | 890 K | 620 °C | 1150 °F |
Lavrukhina et al. | 620 °C | ||
88 Ra radium | |||
use | 2010 K | 1737 °C | 3159 °F |
WebEl | 2010 K | 1737 °C | 3159 °F |
Lange | 1737 °C | ||
89 Ac actinium (Ac-227 ?) | |||
use | 3471 K | 3198 °C | 5788 °F |
WebEl | 3573 K | 3300 °C | 5972 °F |
CRC | 3198 °C | ||
Lange | (Ac-227) circa 3200 °C | ||
90 Th thorium | |||
use | 5061 K | 4788 °C | 8650 °F |
WebEl | 5093 K | 4820 °C | 8708 °F |
CRC | 4788 °C | ||
Lange | 4788 °C | ||
91 Pa protactinium | |||
use | ? 4300 K | ? 4027 °C | ? |
92 U uranium | |||
use | 4404 K | 4131 °C | 7468 °F |
WebEl | 4200 K | 3927 °C | 7101 °F |
CRC | 4131 °C | ||
Lange | 4131 °C | ||
93 Np neptunium | |||
use | 4273 K | 4000 °C | 7232 °F |
WebEl | 4273 K | 4000 °C | 7232 °F |
Lange | above 3900 °C | ||
94 Pu plutonium | |||
use | 3501 K | 3228 °C | 5842 °F |
WebEl | 3503 K | 3230 °C | 5846 °F |
CRC | 3228 °C | ||
Lange | 3230 °C | ||
95 Am americium | |||
use | 2880 K | 2607 °C | 4725 °F |
WebEl | 2880 K | 2607 °C | 4725 °F |
CRC | 2011 °C | ||
Lange | 2011 °C | ||
96 Cm curium (Cm-244 ?) | |||
use | 3383 K | 3110 °C | 5630 °F |
WebEl | 3383 K | 3110 °C | 5630 °F |
CRC | circa 3100 °C | ||
Lange | (Cm-244) circa 3110 °C |
Table edit
Group → | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
↓ Period | |||||||||||||||||||||
1 | H2 20.271 K (−252.879 °C) |
He4.222 K (−268.928 °C) | |||||||||||||||||||
2 | Li1603 K (1330 °C) |
Be2742 K (2469 °C) |
B 4200 K (3927 °C) |
C 3915 K (subl.) (3642 °C) |
N2 77.355 K (−195.795 °C) |
O2 90.188 K (−182.962 °C) |
F2 85.03 K (−188.11 °C) |
Ne27.104 K (−246.046 °C) | |||||||||||||
3 | Na1156.090 K (882.940 °C) |
Mg1363 K (1091 °C) |
Al2743 K (2470 °C) |
Si3538 K (3265 °C) |
P 553.7 K (280.5 °C) |
S 717.8 K (444.6 °C) |
Cl2239.11 K (−34.04 °C) |
Ar87.302 K (−185.848 °C) | |||||||||||||
4 | K 1032 K (759 °C) |
Ca1757 K (1484 °C) |
Sc3109 K (2836 °C) |
Ti3560 K (3287 °C) |
V 3680 K (3407 °C) |
Cr2945.15 K (2672.0 °C) |
Mn2334 K (2061 °C) |
Fe3134 K (2861 °C) |
Co3200 K (2927 °C) |
Ni3003 K (2730 °C) |
Cu2835 K (2562 °C) |
Zn1180 K (907 °C) |
Ga2673 K (2400 °C) |
Ge3106 K (2833 °C) |
As887 K (subl.) (615 °C) |
Se958 K (685 °C) |
Br2332.0 K (58.8 °C) |
Kr119.735 K (−153.415 °C) | |||
5 | Rb961 K (688 °C) |
Sr1650 K (1377 °C) |
Y 3203 K (2930 °C) |
Zr4650 K (4377 °C) |
Nb5017 K (4744 °C) |
Mo4912 K (4639 °C) |
Tc4538 K (4265 °C) |
Ru4423 K (4150 °C) |
Rh3968 K (3695 °C) |
Pd3236 K (2963 °C) |
Ag2483 K (2210 °C) |
Cd1040 K (767 °C) |
In2345 K (2072 °C) |
Sn2875 K (2602 °C) |
Sb1908 K (1635 °C) |
Te1261 K (988 °C) |
I2 457.4 K (184.3 °C) |
Xe165.051 K (−108.099 °C) | |||
6 | Cs944 K (671 °C) |
Ba2118 K (1845 °C) |
Lu3675 K (3402 °C) |
Hf4876 K (4603 °C) |
Ta5731 K (5458 °C) |
W 6203 K (5930 °C) |
Re5900.15 K (5627.0 °C) |
Os5285 K (5012 °C) |
Ir4403 K (4130 °C) |
Pt4098 K (3825 °C) |
Au3243 K (2970 °C) |
Hg629.88 K (356.73 °C) |
Tl1746 K (1473 °C) |
Pb2022 K (1749 °C) |
Bi1837 K (1564 °C) |
Po1235 K (962 °C) |
At2503±3 K (230±3 °C) |
Rn211.5 K (−61.7 °C) | |||
7 | Fr950 K (677 °C) |
Ra2010 K (1737 °C) |
Lr | Rf5800 K (5500 °C) |
Db | Sg | Bh | Hs | Mt | Ds | Rg | Cn340±10 K (67±10 °C) |
Nh1430 K (1130 °C) |
Fl380 K (107 °C) |
Mc~1400 K (~1100 °C) |
Lv1035–1135 K (762–862 °C) |
Ts883 K (610 °C) |
Og450±10 K (177±10 °C) | |||
La3737 K (3464 °C) |
Ce3716 K (3443 °C)6 |
Pr3403 K (3130 °C) |
Nd3347 K (3074 °C) |
Pm3273 K (3000 °C) |
Sm2173 K (1900 °C) |
Eu1802 K (1529 °C) |
Gd3546 K (3273 °C) |
Tb3396 K (3123 °C) |
Dy2840 K (2567 °C) |
Ho2873 K (2600 °C) |
Er3141 K (2868 °C) |
Tm2223 K (1950 °C) |
Yb1469 K (1196 °C) | ||||||||
Ac3471 K (3198 °C) |
Th5061 K (4788 °C) |
Pa4300? K (4027 °C) |
U 4404 K (4131 °C) |
Np4175.15 K (3902.0 °C) |
Pu3508.15 K (3235.0 °C) |
Am2880 K (2607 °C) |
Cm3383 K (3110 °C) |
Bk2900 K (2627 °C) |
Cf1743 K (1470 °C) |
Es1269 (996 °C) |
Fm | Md | No | ||||||||
Legend | |||||||||||||||||||||
Values are in kelvin K and degrees Celsius °C, rounded | |||||||||||||||||||||
For the equivalent in degrees Fahrenheit °F, see: Boiling points of the elements (data page) | |||||||||||||||||||||
Some values are predictions | |||||||||||||||||||||
Primordial From decay Synthetic Border shows natural occurrence of the element |
Notes edit
- Unless noted, all values refer to the normal boiling point at standard pressure (101.325 kPa).
References edit
Zhang et al. edit
Zhang, Yiming; Evans, Julian R. G.; Yang, Shoufeng (2011). "Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks". J. Chem. Eng. Data. 56 (2): 328–337. doi:10.1021/je1011086.
WebEl edit
As quoted at http://www.webelements.com/ from these sources:
- A.M. James; M.P. Lord (1992). Macmillan's Chemical and Physical Data. London: Macmillan. ISBN 9780333511671.
- G.W.C. Kaye; T. H. Laby (1993). Tables of physical and chemical constants (15th ed.). London: Longman.
CRC edit
- Haynes, William M., ed. (2011). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (92nd ed.). CRC Press. pp. 4.121–4.123. ISBN 978-1439855119.
Lange edit
As quoted from:
- J.A. Dean, ed. (1999). Lange's Handbook of Chemistry (15th ed.). McGraw-Hill. Section 3; Table 3.2 Physical Constants of Inorganic Compounds. ISBN 978-0-07016384-3.
Otozai et al. edit
Otozai, K.; Takahashi, N. (1982). "Estimation Chemical Form Boiling Point Elementary Astatine by Radio Gas Chromatography". Radiochimica Acta. 31 (3–4): 201–203. doi:10.1524/ract.1982.31.34.201. S2CID 100363889.
Lavrukhina et al. edit
Lavrukhina, Avgusta Konstantinovna; Pozdnyakov, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich (1970). Analytical Chemistry of Technetium, Promethium, Astatine, and Francium. Translated by R. Kondor. Ann Arbor–Humphrey Science Publishers. p. 269. ISBN 978-0-250-39923-9.