The Bansho Shirabesho (蕃書調所), or "Institute for the Study of Barbarian Books," was the Japanese institute charged with the translation and study of foreign books and publications in the late Edo Period.
Origin edit
The institute was founded in 1856 that catered to the samurai youth.[1] It emerged out of the previous translation bureau called Yogakusho, which also previously replaced the Banshowagegoyo.[2] The launch of the new institute was a reaction to the unimpeded arrival of the American warships in 1853 under the command of Admiral Matthew C. Perry.[1] The foreigners also brought with them gifts, which baffled and unsettled the Tokugawa regime as they exposed the inferior state of the Japanese coastal defense.[1]
Bansho Shirabesho functioned as a sort of bureau of the Tokugawa Shogunate and considered a politically charged institution that emerged from the perceived imposition of foreignness on Japanese body politic.[3] The establishment of Bansho Shirabesho as an independent institution was also partly attributed to the removal of the translation of sensitive military and political secrets from the Bureau of Astronomy.[4] The activities and norms of the institution intersected with the translation initiatives of employed translators.[4]
The school eventually became the main institution of Western learning sponsored by the shogunate.[4] It attracted some of the most outstanding scholars studying Dutch scientific works and documents, who also later studied English, French, German, and Russian texts.[4]
Later period edit
It was renamed Yōsho shirabesho (洋書調所) (institute for the study of Western books) in 1862, and Kaiseijo (開成所) in 1863. After the Boshin War, it was again renamed and became the Kaisei gakkō (開成学校), which was managed under the Government of Meiji Japan. As the Kaisei gakkō, the institute became one of the predecessor organizations which merged to form University of Tokyo.[5]
See also edit
- Shōheikō, the shogunate school for its bureaucrats
- Wagakukōdansho, a Tokugawa-sanctioned institute of literature and history
- Igakukan, Tokugawa school of medicine
Footnotes edit
- ^ a b c Duke, Benjamin C. (2009). The History of Modern Japanese Education: Constructing the National School System,1872-1890. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. p. 19. ISBN 9780813544038.
- ^ Lange, William De (1998). A History of Japanese Journalism: Japan's Press Club as the Last Obstacle to a Mature Press. Surrey: Curzon Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-1-873410-68-4.
- ^ Kikuchi, Yoshiyuki (2013). Anglo-American Connections in Japanese Chemistry: The Lab as Contact Zone. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 29. ISBN 9781349297962.
- ^ a b c d Ankit, Ahmed; Faiq, Said (2015). Agency and Patronage in Eastern Translatology. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 15. ISBN 9781443874168.
- ^ "蕃書調所" (in Japanese). kotobank. Retrieved 2017-12-14.
References edit
This section includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (December 2017) |
- Perkins, Dorothy (1997). Japan Goes to War. DIANE Publishing. p. 28. ISBN 0788134272.
Further reading edit
- De Lange, William (2023). A History of Japanese Journalism: State of Affairs and Affairs of State. Toyo Press. ISBN 978-94-92722-393.
External links edit
- "List of Employees at Bansho Shirabesho (蕃書調所職員明細帳)" - NDL Digital Collections (in Japanese) doi:10.11501/3860353
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