Amia (fish)

Amia, commonly called bowfin, is a genus of bony fish related to gars in the infraclass Holostei. They are regarded as taxonomic relicts, being the sole surviving species of the order Amiiformes, which dates from the Jurassic to the Eocene, persisting to the present. There are two living species in Amia, Amia calva and Amia ocellicauda, and a number of extinct species which have been described from the fossil record.

Amia Temporal range:
Bowfin in aquarium
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Clade:	Halecomorphi
Order:	Amiiformes
Family:	Amiidae
Subfamily:	Amiinae
Genus:	Amia Linnaeus, 1766
Type species
Amia calva Linnaeus, 1766
Species
See text
Synonyms
Amiatus Rafinesque 1815 Hypamia (Leidy 1873) Amia (Hypamia) Leidy 1873 Kindleia Jordan 1927 Protamia (Leidy 1873) Amia (Protamia) Leidy 1873 Stylomyleodon Russell 1928

Evolution and phylogeny

Amia is thought to have diverged from its sister genus, Cyclurus, during the Late Cretaceous. These two genera, as well as the marine Maliamia, were the only amiids, and halecomorphs as a whole, to survive the Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event. Amia and Cyclurus survived in a refugium in western North America and experienced a rapid evolutionary radiation following the event, with some species of Amia attaining very large body sizes. While Cyclurus dispersed to Europe and Asia shortly after the extinction event, Amia largely remained in western North America until the very end of the Paleogene, when it dispersed west to Asia and east to eastern North America. Cyclurus went extinct during the late Eocene, leaving Amia as the only surviving amiid. At some point afterwards, Amia went extinct in western North America, and also went extinct in Asia during the Neogene, leaving only the eastern American populations, which have since undergone a small level of diversification.

Species

List of species.

• Amia calva Linnaeus 1766 (Bowfin)
• Amia ocellicauda (Eyespot bowfin)
• †Amia basiloides Brownstein & Near, 2024 (middle Paleocene of Montana, USA)
• †Amia fragosa Jordan, 1927 (Late Cretaceous to Eocene of North America)
• †Amia godai Yabumoto & Grande, 2013 (Miocene of Japan)
• †Amia hesperia Wilson, 1982 (Eocene Okanagan Highlands)
• †Amia pattersoni Grande & Bemis, 1998 (late Paleocene of Alberta, Canada)
• †Amia scutata Cope 1875 (late Eocene of Colorado, USA)

The species 'Amia uintaensis' Leidy, 1873, which formerly contained several Amia specimens from western North America dating from the Late Cretaceous to the Eocene (including the holotype of A. basiloides), is considered a nomen vanum. Another large Paleocene amiid, Amia 'robusta' Smith & Radcliffe, 1911 from France, is known from non-diagnostic remains, and is thus considered a nomen dubium.

Phylogeny

Based on Brownstein & Near (2024):

Amiinae	Amia †Amia hesperia †Amia basiloides †Amia pattersoni †Amia scutata †Amia godai Amia calva Amia ocellicauda †Cyclurus

Genome evolution

The bowfin genome contains an intact ParaHox gene cluster, similar to the bichir and to most other vertebrates. This is in contrast, however, with teleost fish, which have a fragmented ParaHox cluster, probably because of a whole genome duplication event in their lineage. The presence of an intact ParaHox gene cluster suggests that bowfin ancestors separated from other fish before the last common ancestor of all teleosts appeared. Bowfin are thus possibly a better model to study vertebrate genome organization than common teleost model organisms such as zebrafish.