The Akatziri, Akatzirs or Acatiri (Greek: Άκατίροι, Άκατζίροι, Akatiroi, Akatziroi;[1] Latin: Acatziri) were a tribe that lived north of the Black Sea, though the Crimean city of Cherson seemed to be under their control in the sixth century.[2][3] Jordanes (fl. 551) called them a mighty people, not agriculturalists but cattle-breeders and hunters.[4] Their ethnicity is undetermined: the 5th-century historian Priscus describes them as ethnic (ethnos) Scythians, but they are also referred to as Huns (Akatiri Hunni[1]). Their name has also been connected to the Agathyrsi.[1][4] However, according to E. A. Thompson, any conjectured connection between the Agathyrsi and the Akatziri should be rejected outright.[5]

History edit

Roman emperor Theodosius II (r. 402–450) sent an envoy to the Akatziri trying to detach them from their alliance with the Hunnic ruler Attila (435–453),[6] an effort made to stir up fighting which also ensued.[7] In 447 or 448 the Huns successfully campaigned against the Akatziri.[8] In 448 or 449, as Priscus recounts "Onegesius along with the eldest of Attila's children, had been sent to the Akateri, a Scythian people, whom he was bringing into an alliance with Attila".[9] As the Akatziri tribes and clans were ruled by different leaders, emperor Theodosius II tried with gifts to spread animosity among them, but the gifts were not delivered according to rank, Karadach (Kouridachos), warned and called Attila against fellow leaders.[10] So Attila did, Kardach stayed with his tribe or clan in own territory, while the rest of the Akatziri became subjected to Attila.[10] Attila's son Ellac was installed as ruler of the Akatziri.[8] According to Sinor (1990), they were absorbed by the Saragurs in the 460s.[4][clarification needed].

Akatziri rulers edit

Attilid dynasty edit

Possible descendants edit

Akatziri were also hypothesized to be a Turkic tribe, their ethnonym connected to Turkic ağaç eri, 'woodman'[4] or *Aq Qazir "White Khazars".[15] However, Peter B. Golden further remarked that: " Neither of these theses has been firmly grounded in anything beyond phonetic resemblance";[16] and the other hypothesis that Akatziri were ancestors of the Khazars is not backed up by any solid evidence.[17] Omeljan Pritsak links Ak-Katzirs (< Άκατζίροι) to the name Khazar, though he explains that the polity was named Khazar simply because the Ashina-ruled Western Turks, after losing their territories to Tang Chinese, took over the territory formerly occupied by the Akatziri.[18]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Robert Gordon Latham (1860). Opuscula. Essays Chiefly Philological and Ethnographical. William & Norgate. pp. 176–.
  2. ^ Blockley 1992, p. 73.
  3. ^ Atwood 2012, p. 48.
  4. ^ a b c d e Sinor 1990, p. 191.
  5. ^ Thompson 1948, p. 95.
  6. ^ Blockley 1992, p. 65.
  7. ^ Blockley 1992, p. 140.
  8. ^ a b c Sinor 1997, p. 336.
  9. ^ Given 2015, p. 55.
  10. ^ a b Given 2015, p. 56.
  11. ^ Maenchen-Helfen, Otto J. (2022). Knight, Max (ed.). The World of the Huns Studies in Their History and Culture. University of California Press. p. 272. ISBN 9780520357204. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  12. ^ Kim, Hyun Jin (2015). The Huns. Taylor & Francis. p. 86. ISBN 9781317340911. Retrieved 19 October 2022.
  13. ^ Given 2015, p. 154.
  14. ^ Heather, Peter (2007). The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians. Oxford University Press. p. 469. ISBN 9780195325416.
  15. ^ Henning 1952, p. 502-506.
  16. ^ Golden 2011, p. 136.
  17. ^ Kevin Alan Brook (27 September 2006). The Jews of Khazaria. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 10–. ISBN 978-1-4422-0302-0.
  18. ^ Pritsak 1978, p. 261.

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b It isn't confirmed that Ellac's brothers ruled the Akatziri after Ellac's demise at the Battle of Nedao (454). Dengizich co-ruled the Hunnic empire with his younger brother Ernak until his demise in 469, while the latter, who outlived him, continued to rule parts of the empire thereafter, probably living in the Dobruja region.[13][14] According to Sinor the Akatziri were absorbed by the Saragurs in the 460s.[4]

Sources edit