In molecular biology, the sea anemone cytotoxic proteins are lethal pore-forming proteins, known collectively as actinoporins, a sub-class of cytolysins. There are several different groups of cytolysins based on their structure and function.[1] This entry represents the most numerous group, the 20kDa highly basic peptides. These cytolysins form cation-selective pores in sphingomyelin-containing membranes. Examples include equinatoxins (from Actinia equina), sticholysins (from Stichodactyla helianthus), magnificalysins (from Heteractis magnifica), and tenebrosins (from Actinia tenebrosa), which exhibit pore-forming, haemolytic, cytotoxic, and heart stimulatory activities.
| Anemone_cytotox | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 crystal structure of the water-soluble state of the pore-forming cytolysin sticholysin ii complexed with phosphorylcholine | |||||||||
| Identifiers | |||||||||
| Symbol | Anemone_cytotox | ||||||||
| Pfam | PF06369 | ||||||||
| InterPro | IPR009104 | ||||||||
| SCOP2 | 1kd6 / SCOPe / SUPFAM | ||||||||
| TCDB | 1.C.38 | ||||||||
| OPM superfamily | 168 | ||||||||
| OPM protein | 4tsy | ||||||||
| |||||||||
Cytolysins adopt a stable soluble structure, which undergoes a conformational change when brought in contact with a membrane, leading to an active, membrane-bound form that inserts spontaneously into the membrane. They often oligomerise on the membrane surface, before puncturing the lipid bilayers, causing the cell to lyse. The 20kDa sea anemone cytolysins require a phosphocholine lipid headgroup for binding, however sphingomyelin is required for the toxin to promote membrane permeability.[2] The crystal structures of equinatoxin II [3] and sticholysin II [4] both revealed a compact beta-sandwich consisting of ten strands in two sheets flanked on each side by two short alpha-helices, which is a similar topology to osmotin. It is believed that the beta sandwich structure attaches to the membrane, while a three-turn alpha helix lying on the surface of the beta sheet may be involved in membrane pore formation, possibly by the penetration of the membrane by the helix.
References edit
- ^ Anderluh G, Macek P (February 2002). "Cytolytic peptide and protein toxins from sea anemones (Anthozoa: Actiniaria)". Toxicon. 40 (2): 111–24. doi:10.1016/S0041-0101(01)00191-X. PMID 11689232.
- ^ Anderluh G, Macek P (November 2003). "Dissecting the actinoporin pore-forming mechanism". Structure. 11 (11): 1312–3. doi:10.1016/j.str.2003.10.007. PMID 14604518.
- ^ Hinds MG, Zhang W, Anderluh G, Hansen PE, Norton RS (February 2002). "Solution structure of the eukaryotic pore-forming cytolysin equinatoxin II: implications for pore formation". Journal of Molecular Biology. 315 (5): 1219–29. doi:10.1006/jmbi.2001.5321. PMID 11827489.
- ^ Mancheño JM, Martín-Benito J, Martínez-Ripoll M, Gavilanes JG, Hermoso JA (November 2003). "Crystal and electron microscopy structures of sticholysin II actinoporin reveal insights into the mechanism of membrane pore formation". Structure. 11 (11): 1319–28. doi:10.1016/j.str.2003.09.019. PMID 14604522.