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1787 in Canada

Events from the year 1787 in Canada.

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Incumbents edit

Governors edit

Events edit

  • HBC David Thompson wintered with Piegans on Bow River.
  • Prince William Henry (future William IV) lands at Quebec.
  • At an investigation into judicial abuses, it is stated that one judge takes wine to excess, before taking his seat on the Bench; and that another habitually disregards the pertinent French law and applies the law of England.
  • The Toronto Purchase occurs.

Births edit

Deaths edit


Historical documents edit

Complaints from British America "that their trade is very much injured and impeded" by lack of quick link with Britain; packets to be added[3]

Congress says new constitution creates national authority (including treaty-making) superior to all state laws (hint: anti-loyalist ones)[4]

Regarding Canada - New Brunswick boundary, Gov. Lord Dorchester calls who gets what land "very immaterial" except as it affects border with U.S.A.[5]

Lower Canada edit

Merchants tell Legislative Council that province suffers from mixing "the custom of Canada, the general laws of France [and English law]"[6]

Many of 15,000 British-born in Canada are Loyalists "wholly ignorant of the French laws," which won't protect them or commercial rights[7]

Council forms committees to address various topics of government reform, and committees solicit opinion from every district of Canada[8]

Former governor Haldimand learns tight-lipped Gov. Lord Dorchester is part of "confusion reigning in Canada," and Quebec Act is "in danger"[9]

"In less than half a Century [most] of the Landed property in this Province will be in the hands of the English, [who] possess all the Trade"[10]

Dorchester warns Sydney that U.S. military build-up may have as one objective attacking British frontier posts, which are in weak condition[11]

Infantry regiment said to be going to Quebec after Dorchester decides "deranged state of the government" in U.S.A. means more troops needed[12]

Dorchester "is regulating and exercising" militia; Montreal writer says "people are militia mad" and buying uniforms "with great avidity"[13]

Dorchester orders free trade of domestic products (furs excepted) with U.S.A. by way of Lake Champlain, subject to British trade rules[14]

Commissioners of American Claims ask Loyalists who submitted claims under 1783 claims act to meet them in Montreal or Quebec City[15]

George Davison tells Haldimand "the posts have this year returned 7,500 pounds of beaver and 1,600 martins," and St. Maurice Forges are productive[16]

Report that leaders of Shays Rebellion petitioned Dorchester for asylum and were turned down as former enemies of Britain, and now not so much[17]

$20 reward for "Negro Wench" Bett, about 18, speaks English, French and German well, and is "big with child and within a few days of her time"[18]

Free lecture series at seminary running October-March on mathematics (arithmetic, algebra, geometry etc.) and March-August on military affairs[19]

Trials and joys of sailing from Montreal to Quebec City[20]

Stuffed skin once covered body that could "much mischief do, / It by the ladies too was much caress'd, / What more, Beau-reader, can be said of you?"[21]

Upper Canada edit

Legislative Council, claiming Great Lakes soil is fit for hemp and flax, says "policy requires that this great Country should be peopled"[22]

Mississaugas give up land on north side of Lake Ontario by signing "indenture," but land area and payment amount are not filled in until years later[23]

When British ask Six Nations their attitude to retaining frontier posts, chiefs rather ask how British will address and support their alliance[24]

Five nations' (Kanien’kéhà:ka, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and Delaware) deed for "a farm each" on Grand River for 10 Indian Department officials[25]

Former New Jersey judge, fined more than £1,000 for loyalty to King, seeks "a Captain's allowance of Lands" in 1787 petition[26]

Nova Scotia edit

Along with "barbarity" and "ferocity," Indigenous people are described as valuing expressiveness and sense of right and wrong[27]

Birchtown "negroes[...]have been found extremely useful to the white inhabitants, chiefly in reducing very considerably the price of work"[28]

Bishop of Halifax says colonies are blessed with inflow of "respectable and industrious inhabitants" and favourable trade and development policies[29]

Newcomer finds Nova Scotia "a miserable country" dependent on Boston for mutton, poultry and fruit, New York for flour and Ireland for pork[30]

Shelburne resident says 131 infant baptisms and 17 burials of under-2-year-olds in 1786 shows "salubrity of our climate"[31]

Almost all whalers out of Halifax have had great success in last year, benefitting them and whole province[32]

Trade and fishery superintendant at Canso finds U.S. fishers violating treaty and harming British trade by selling own country's goods[33]

Thomas Jefferson warns French foreign minister that putting duty on Nantucket whale oil will only drive those whalers to Nova Scotia[34]

Fees established for various judicial roles and services, including 1 shilling for jurors and 2/6 per day plus 3p mileage for witnesses[35]

Law requires record of servant's wage and term; JPs can fine misbehaving servant up to 5 shillings and fine master for serving liquor to servant[36]

Extra packet ordered by British postmaster general to sail to Halifax with mail for British settlements because of "great increase of trade"[37]

Halifax town meeting votes to raise £82 to pay debts from "maintenance of the Poor" and £100 for next 6 months of maintenance[38]

"On Account of the Severity of the Winter, a Number of Officers of the Army intend performing a Play for the Benefit of poor confined Debtors"[39]

Windsor residents' gratitude to leaders of 60th Regiment at Fort Edward for "goodness of their Discipline, and[...]their Hearts"[40]

Grand jurors report on excessive drinking among "lower sort of people" in Halifax, blaming too great number of liquor licences issued[41]

Ship hits hidden rock off Jeddore Head and sinks in 5 minutes; one passenger "was almost drown'd" before getting into boat, but died hours later[42]

When young man dies in winter weather on Liverpool-Shelburne road, search party has "utmost Difficulty" separating his faithful dog from corpse[43]

Gazette printer announces German-language almanac for 1788 and newspaper to be published starting January 1[44]

Singing school to open for Halifax "young Gentlemen and Ladies" (over 10 years old) to learn "the Rules of Psalmody" for 3 months[45]

New Brunswick edit

All age 16-50 to join militia company or regiment, and "upon an alarm, invasion, insurrection or rebellion," Quakers and those age 51-60 must join too[46]

No deed or other land conveyance can deny right of dower to any wife unless she signs such deed and informs judge that she did so freely[47]

Only "causes" of divorce allowed are "precontract by words in the present Tense, and frigidity or impotence and consanguinity"[48]

While Gov. Lord Dorchester is for guarding against "menaces of the Indians," he advises showing them civility, kindness and justice[49]

Upon swearing oath, debtor confined in jail for 14 days may go free and any creditor blocking such release must pay prisoner's maintenance[50]

Payments to be made for certain government roles and services, including treasurer, printer, and speaker, and Assembly house's rent and fuel[51]

"Mama, why don't you help me and give me Bread?" - Widowed Loyalist complains bitterly about "neglect and starvation" suffered by her family[52]

Suspicion that New Brunswick deputy postmaster general broke seals on letter to Nova Scotia governor stirs cross-border controversy[53]

Map: Saint John River from Bay of Fundy to Fredericton, with plan of Saint John city[54]

Land grant draft lease is made out to 31 Black men rent-free for 10 years with certain requirements for clearing and working land[55]

Moses Simpson and 3 other Black men petition for land assigned to them that they could not work when provisions were cut off after 2 months[56]

Black woman Eve ("excellent" housework) and her child Suke sent to N.B. by New York loyalist under attainder who can't sell her at home[57]

Reward for missing "Abraham, a Run-Away negro boy, about 16[,] has a pleasant countenance, is very talkative, tall[...]but well proportioned"[58]

"Wanted immediately, A smart active Lad, About eight or ten years of age, as an apprentice to learn the trade of a Chimney-Sweeper."[59]

Cape Breton Island edit

All "Monies, Provisions, building Materials, Clothing, Stores" etc. for government use are to be accounted for, or else £10 fine plus damages[60]

Cape Breton inhabitants to be "immediately enrolled" in militia "for preserving from encroachment[...]the extensive Fisheries on this Coast"[61]

Perjury (even by "unlawful procurement [or] sinister Persuasion") can draw £20 fine or cutting off of both ears, plus 6 months in prison[62]

Three-year scarcity of fish prompts law against dumping fish offal within 3 leagues of shore (onshore dumping in intertidal "landwash" excepted)[63]

Taking trees reserved for Royal Navy masts and timber can lead to fine of up to £100 or six months in prison, and burning woods is felony[64]

Moose or caribou hunting for skins only punishable by £5 fine, unless meat kept for personal or local use or sold at public market[65]

Elsewhere edit

John Johnson on importance to Britain of nations (Six Nations, Wyandot, Delaware, Shawnee) involved in confrontations with U.S. settlers[66]

Independent and powerful Vermont, negotiating and foreseeably confederating with Canada, poses threat to New York[67]

Separatist "Provinces of Maine and Sagadahock[...]pass what Acts they please" to keep their ports open to British lumber trade[68]

Description of depression conditions in Portsmouth, New Hampshire, where lack of trade leaves ships unused (even unrigged) and unsaleable[69]

Congress rejects request of Canadian refugees on Lake Champlain for provisions, with exception of 12-month supply for "aged and infirm"[70]

Drawing: Moravian mission with Inuit houses, Hopedale, Labrador[71]

Alexander Mackenzie and partners endure violence from established fur traders for 2 years before forming Northwest Company with them[72]

"Barbarous and uncultivated" - British traders stop at Haida Gwaii and find people "the most expert and rapacious thieves," but good carvers[73]

"That the King of France has banished the Parlement of Paris for daring to think and speak the truth[...]is thought will occasion an insurrection"[74]

Report says astronomer William Herschel discovered erupting volcano on Moon, though in "last lunation[...]he saw nothing of it"[75]

References edit

  1. ^ "Kings and Queens of Canada". aem. 11 August 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  2. ^ "Provencher, Bishop Joseph Norbert | OMI World". Retrieved 2022-11-29.
  3. ^ "London, April 4; The Post Master General[....]," The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1103 (May 29, 1787), Page 2 of 2 (lefthand page, middle column). Accessed 27 April 2023
  4. ^ "From the New-York Journal, of April 26," The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 1137 (May 31, 1787), pgs. 1-2. (See also report ("May 29," pg. 2) that Massachusetts has repealed laws "repugnant" to peace treaty with Britain) Accessed 5 May 2023
  5. ^ Letter from Lord Dorchester to Thomas Carleton (August 6, 1787), Harriet Irving Library, University of New Brunswick. Access 12 May 2023
  6. ^ "Appendix No. XI; Articles(...)from the Report of Merchants of Quebec(....)" (January 6, 1787), State of the Present Form of Government of the Province of Quebec (1789), pgs. 111-15 (PDF pgs. 123-27). (See also John Johnson's advice (PDF pgs. 70-2) to replace feudal with freehold land possession, and also finding of chief justice that some judges apply English law, some French, and others their own idea of equity, and also Observations (1790) on pamphlet State of the Present Form[....]) Accessed 2 May 2023
  7. ^ "To the Honourable the Legislative Council of the Province of Quebec" (April 18, 1787), A Review of the Government and Grievances of the Province of Quebec[....] (1788), pg. 90 (PDF pg. 102). (See also Legislative Council committee report (excerpt, PDF pgs. 67-9) arguing Loyalists and other immigrants should accept provincial laws) Accessed 3 May 2023
  8. ^ Letter to Daniel Claus (Montreal, January 18, 1787), Library and Archives Canada. Accessed 11 May 2023
  9. ^ Frederick Haldimand, "10 (June 1787)" (translation), Journal intime du Gen. Haldimand / Private Diary of Gen. Haldimand, pg. 227. Accessed 2 May 2023 (See also government official's observation that Lt. Gov. Hope advocates "the continuation of French Laws + Customs")
  10. ^ Letter of Patrick Langan to Daniel Claus (Montreal, March 17, 1787), Library and Archives Canada. Accessed 11 May 2023
  11. ^ "From Lord Dorchester to Lord Sydney" (January 16, 1787), Records of Niagara; 1784-1787 PDF pgs. 69-70. Accessed 9 May 2023
  12. ^ "The four regiments of foot[....]," The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1100 (May 8, 1787), Page 2 of 2 (lefthand page, right column). (See also that in May 15 issue (Page 2 of 2, righthand page, left column), "in the present unsettled state of affairs," Washington turned down "the dignified Title of Protector") Accessed 27 April 2023
  13. ^ "Halifax, October 30; Lord Dorchester[....]," The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1125 (October 30, 1787), Page 2 of 2 (righthand page, middle column). (See also militia ordinance) Accessed 2 May 2023
  14. ^ "Albany, May 3," The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1104 (June 5, 1787), Page 2 of 2 (lefthand page, right column). Accessed 27 April 2023 (See also Abigail Adams' comment (and footnote) that Dorchester trying to accommodate Vermont trade)
  15. ^ "Mr. Brown, King's Printer[....]" (February 26, 1787), The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 1124 (March 1, 1787), pg. 2. (See also text of 1783 act) Accessed 4 May 2023
  16. ^ Frederick Haldimand, "10 (June 1787)" (translation), Journal intime du Gen. Haldimand / Private Diary of Gen. Haldimand, pg. 227. Accessed 2 May 2023
  17. ^ "A person, we are told[....]," The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1096 (April 10, 1787), Page 2 of 2 (righthand page, middle column). Accessed 27 April 2023
  18. ^ "Ran-away[....]" (March 6, 1787), The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 1125 (Cahier 1, March 8, 1787), pg. 2. (See also July advertisement (pg. 3) for sale of about-18-year-old trilingual Black woman) Accessed 4 May 2023
  19. ^ "Monday, the first of October[....]," The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 1155 (October 4, 1787), pg. 2. Accessed 5 May 2023
  20. ^ "Poets Corner; The following lines[....]" (May 22, 1787), The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 1137 (May 31, 1787), pg. 4. Accessed 5 May 2023
  21. ^ Celia, "Epitaph" (Quebec, January 28, 1787), The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 1120 (February 1, 1787), pg. 4. Accessed 4 May 2023
  22. ^ "Extract from the Report of the Committee of the Legislative Council[...]on Commerce and Police; 'New Settlements[....]'" (January 29, 1787), Records of Niagara; 1784-1787 PDF pg. 73. (See also "Directions for the Raising of Hemp") Accessed 9 May 2023
  23. ^ "Treaty with the Missassagas" (September 23, 1787), Records of Niagara; 1784-9 PDF pgs. 13-14. (See also Toronto Purchase, No. 13 of 1805 and "Sketch of Land Purchase from the Mississauga Indians 1805" and also list of presents (PDF pgs. 15-16) distributed on Sep. 23, 1787) Accessed 10 May 2023
  24. ^ "Indian Council at Niagara" (February 10, 1787), Records of Niagara; 1784-1787 PDF pgs. 73-5. Accessed 9 May 2023
  25. ^ "To the Officers & Others Employ'd in the Indn. Department; Deed from the Five Nations" (February 26, 1787, translation) Records of Niagara; 1784-9 PDF pgs. 11-12. Accessed 8 May 2023
  26. ^ "Pettit, Nathaniel," Land Petitions of the Niagara Settlers "Peters to Petty" Accessed 11 May 2023
  27. ^ "Indians" The Present State of Nova Scotia; The Second Edition (1787), pgs. 68-82. Accessed 3 May 2023
  28. ^ The Present State of Nova Scotia; The Second Edition (1787), pg. 130 Accessed 3 May 2023
  29. ^ Charles Inglis, A Sermon Preached before His Excellency the Lieutenant Governor, His Majesty's Council, and the House of Assembly[....] (November 25, 1787), pg. 31 footnote (PDF pg. 36). Accessed 2 May 2023
  30. ^ "Extract of a letter from Halifax[....]" (March 2, 1787), The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1096 (April 10, 1787), Page 2 of 2 (righthand page, left column). (See also (on same page) proclamation listing agricultural products and lumber allowed in from U.S.A.) Accessed 27 April 2023
  31. ^ Letter-to-the-editor of William Walter (January 2, 1787), The (Shelburne) Nova-Scotia Packet and General Advertiser, No. LXXXVIII (January 4, 1787), pg. 4 Accessed 3 May 2023
  32. ^ "Halifax, July 24; The great success[....]," The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1111 (July 24, 1787), Page 2 of 2 (righthand page, middle column). Accessed 1 May 2023
  33. ^ "Re ruinous practices at Canso in trade and fishing re treaty with the United States" (November 8, 1787), University of New Brunswick. Accessed 15 May 2023
  34. ^ Letter of Thomas Jefferson to Montmorin (December 6, 1787), U.S. National Archives. Accessed 18 May 2023
  35. ^ "An Act for the Establishment of Fees as regulated by the Governor and Council at the Request of the House of Assembly" (1787), 28 George III, Chapter 3, British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 25 April 2023
  36. ^ "An Act in Addition to, and Amendment of an Act made in the fifth Year of His Majesty's Reign, intituled, An Act for regulating Servants," The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1133 (December 25, 1787), Page 2 of 2 (lefthand page, left column). Accessed 2 May 2023
  37. ^ "An extraordinary packet[...]," The Saint John Gazette, and the Weekly Advertiser, Vol. II, Numb. 75 (October 19, 1787), Page 9 of 9 (lefthand page, top of middle column). Accessed 25 April 2023
  38. ^ "Halifax, April 10," The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1096 (April 10, 1787), Page 2 of 2 (righthand page, middle column). Accessed 27 April 2023
  39. ^ "Halifax, February 20; We have the Pleasure[....]," The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1089 (February 20, 1787), Page 3 of 3 (righthand page, middle column). Accessed 26 April 2023
  40. ^ "Halifax, July 10; To Mr. Anthony Henry, Printer" (June 30, 1787), The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1109 (July 10, 1787), Page 2 of 2 (righthand page, left column). Accessed 28 April 2023
  41. ^ "A Correspondent who was at the Supreme Court[....]," The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1112 (July 31, 1787), Page 2 of 2 (righthand page, middle column). (See also government notice (Page 2 of 2, righthand page, left column) requiring licensed retailers to clearly identify themselves) Accessed 1 May 2023
  42. ^ "Halifax, May 1; The Brig Betsey[....]," The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1099 (May 1, 1787), Page 2 of 2 (righthand page, left column). Accessed 27 April 2023
  43. ^ "Halifax, January 2," The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1082 (January 2, 1787), Page 2 of 2 (righthand page, left column). Accessed 26 April 2023
  44. ^ "To the Public; Nachricht" ()August 14, 1787), The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1114 (August 14, 1787), Page 2 of 2 (righthand page, left column). Accessed 1 May 2023
  45. ^ "Reuben M'Farlen[....]" (December 18, 1787), The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1132 (December 18, 1787), Page 2 of 2 (righthand page, middle column). Accessed 2 May 2023
  46. ^ "An Act for establishing a Militia, in the Province of New-Brunswick, and for regulating the same" (1787), 27 George III, Chapter 1, British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 25 April 2023
  47. ^ "An Act for more Effectually securing the Title of purchasers of Real Estates against Claims for Dower" (1787), 27 George III, Chapter 9, British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 25 April 2023
  48. ^ An Act for regulating Marriage and Divorce, and for preventing and punishing Incest, Adultery and Fornication (copy, February 19, 1787), pg. 7 of 8, Provincial Archives of New Brunswick. Accessed 11 May 2023
  49. ^ "Lord Dorchester to Lt. Gov. Carleton" (January 3, 1787), Winslow Papers; A.D. 1776-1826, pgs. 338-9. Accessed 12 May 2023
  50. ^ An Act for the relief of confined Debtors (draft, 1787), Provincial Archives of New Brunswick. (See also petition of confined debtor for Assembly to free him) Accessed 4 May 2023
  51. ^ "An Act for Appropriating and Disposing of the Public Monies" (1787), 27 George III, Chapter 12, British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 25 April 2023
  52. ^ Letter of Polly Dibblee to William Jarvis (November 17, 1787), Loyalist Women in New Brunswick, University of New Brunswick Libraries. Accessed 3 May 2023 (See also report of Quaker Loyalists feeding new neighbours as they move to New Brunswick)
  53. ^ "Extract from the Royal Gazette and New-Brunswick Advertiser," The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1084 (January 16, 1787), Page 2 of 2 (lefthand page, left column). Accessed 26 April 2023
  54. ^ "A Map of the Great River St. John & Waters(....)" (1787?), Library of Congress. Accessed 15 May 2023
  55. ^ "Draught of a Grant made to Wheeler and Company" (1787), Black Loyalists in New Brunswick, University of New Brunswick Libraries. Accessed 3 May 2023
  56. ^ "Memorial of Moses Simpson and Company" (October 21, 1787), Black Loyalists in New Brunswick, University of New Brunswick Libraries. Accessed 3 May 2023
  57. ^ "John Rapalje to George Leonard" (Brooklyn, N.Y., October 29, 1787), Winslow Papers; A.D. 1776-1826, pgs. 348-9. Accessed 12 May 2023
  58. ^ "Sixteen Dollars Reward[....]" (September 12, 1787), The Saint John Gazette, and the Weekly Advertiser, Vol. II, Numb. 75 (October 19, 1787), Page 8 of 9 (lefthand page, middle column). Accessed 25 April 2023
  59. ^ "Wanted immediately[....]," The Saint John Gazette, and the Weekly Advertiser, Vol. II, Numb. 75 (October 19, 1787), Page 9 of 9 (righthand page, right column). Accessed 25 April 2023
  60. ^ "An Ordinance for Stating and Examining the Public Accounts of the Government of Cape Breton and Its Dependencies" (February 3, 1787), 27 George III, Chapter 3, British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 24 April 2023
  61. ^ "An Ordinance for Establishing and Regulating the Militia within the Island of Cape Breton and its Dependencies; Preamble" (December 5, 1787), 27 George III, Chapter 13, British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 25 April 2023
  62. ^ "An Ordinance for Punishing Criminal Offenders in the Island of Cape Breton and Its Dependencies" (February 3, 1787), 27 George III, Chapter 4, British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 24 April 2023
  63. ^ "An Ordinance for the Benefit of the Fishery on the Coasts of the Island of Cape Breton and Its Dependencies" (February 16, 1787), 27 George III, Chapter 7, British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 24 April 2023
  64. ^ "An Ordinance to prevent Waste and destruction of Pine or other Timber Trees on certain reserved and ungranted Lands in the Government of Cape Breton" (February 16, 1787), 27 George III, Chapter 8, British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 25 April 2023
  65. ^ "An Ordinance for the Preservation of Moose and Carraboo in the Island of Cape Breton and Its Dependencies" (February 21, 1787), 27 George III, Chapter 9, British North American Legislative Database, 1758-1867. Accessed 25 April 2023
  66. ^ "From Sir John Johnson to Alexander McKee" (September 2, 1787), Records of Niagara; 1784-9 PDF pgs. 17-18. Accessed 10 May 2023
  67. ^ "New York Assembly. Remarks on an Act Acknowledging the Independence of Vermont" (March 14, 1787), U.S. National Archives. (See also Alexander Hamilton's extensive analysis of Britain's interest in Vermont) Accessed 18 May 2023
  68. ^ "Halifax, February 6; Extract of a Letter from St. Andrews, New Brunswick, dated January 1, 1787," The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1087 (February 6, 1787), Page 2 of 2 (righthand page, middle column). Accessed 26 April 2023
  69. ^ "Shelburne, July 5; Extract of a Letter from New-Hampshire, dated June 22 [1787]," The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1110 (July 17, 1787), Page 2 of 2 (righthand page, left column). Accessed 1 May 2023
  70. ^ "October [12], 1787," Journals of the Continental Congress, Volume 33, pg. 665 Accessed 15 May 2023
  71. ^ Petter Ferber (after Jens Haven), "Hoffenthal in Labrador" (circa 1787), Memorial University of Newfoundland Digital Archives. Accessed 3 May 2023
  72. ^ Alexander Mackenzie, "A General History of the Fur Trade from Canada to the North-West," Voyages from Montreal[...]through the Continent of North America[....] (1801), pgs. xix-xx Accessed 3 May 2023
  73. ^ (William Beresford), "Observation on Queen Charlotte's Islands" (Chap. XII, 1787), A Voyage Round the World, in the Years 1785, 1786, 1787, and 1788 (1789), pgs. 110-16 (PDF pgs. 124-30). Accessed 10 May 2023 (See also "Chart of the North-West Coast of America, With the Tracks of the King George and Queen Charlotte in 1786 & 1787")
  74. ^ "St. John, November 6," The Quebec Gazette, Nomb. 1166 (December 20, 1787), pg. 3. Accessed 8 May 2023
  75. ^ "London, September 29; Our great astronomer Mr. Herschel[....]," The Nova-Scotia Gazette and the Weekly Chronicle, Number 1130 (December 4, 1787), Page 2 of 2 (lefthand page, middle column). (See also Herschel's report of volcano to Royal Society) Accessed 2 May 2023
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