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1749 in Canada

Events from the year 1749 in Canada.

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1749
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Brief rundown of religious orders in Canada and "the duties of their ministries" in healthcare and education[3]

European visitor describes the character of French Canadian women[4]

From Quebec City, Pehr Kalm writes to Benjamin Franklin about impressive welcome given Marquis de la Jonquière, new Governor General[5]

Upper class lady says priests have ordered Ladies of the Holy Family who caused scandal over dancing to do penance[6]

Madame Bégon quotes someone as saying it's "foolish to remain in a country where all of the money goes towards keeping oneself warm"[7]

Ambassador to France to "make remonstrances" about Canadians trying to move into Saint John River lands and debauch Six Nations prisoners[8]

Decision to "settle and fortify" Nova Scotia based on need to counter Louisbourg, and for trade and fishery[9]

Notice to recently discharged war veterans, plus tradesmen and surgeons, to take up land, arms, tools and one year's subsistence in Nova Scotia[10]

Settler describes voyage, arrival and establishment of hundreds of settlers under Gov. Cornwallis at Chebucto[11]

Cornwallis promises Acadians can still exercise their religion and keep their lands if they take oath of allegiance and obey orders[12]

Nova Scotia Council unanimously rejects Acadian request for exemption from wartime service and sets mid-October deadline for oath-taking[13]

Acadians forbidden to sell or take property if they chose to leave and will lose possessions and rights if they miss oath deadline[14]

"We are resolved, everyone of us, to leave the country" - Strong emotion revealed in Acadian plea to live under old oath's terms[15]

Leaders of First Nations in Chignecto and on Saint John River renew Peace and Friendship Treaty of 1725[16]

Canadians and Indigenous people "have made some small appearances to intimidate our new settlers" in Minas, Chignecto and Chebucto[17]

More troops needed, what with "a number of Indians a declared Enemy" and "Accadians certainly more Friends to the French than us"[18]

"I [lack] any sanguine Expectation as to the Success of this New Colony" - In a word, hostilities (Note: scalping described)[19]

"Far exceeds any idea I could possibly have of it" - Newcomer very pleased with climate, soil, game and leadership of Halifax[20]

Illustration of Halifax, drawn from high up on ship's mast (Note: gallows depicted)[21]

French evidence of British policy of new settlement in Nova Scotia breaking agreement with France to fix its borders (Note: "savages" used)[22]

Annapolis Royal houses burned to better protect fort, but "Soldiers [who] cannot be kept within due Bounds" burn too many of them[23]

Description of Indigenous people in Nova Scotia includes story involving Chief Membertou (Note: racial stereotypes)[24]

Indigenous hunting season in what is now Nova Scotia ranges from elk to sea wolf to eggs of turtles and birds[25]

Hudson's Bay Company undercuts its trade by making Indigenous people come to Bay posts and offering worse deals than French do[26]

Ending Hudson's Bay Company's monopoly on trade in territory it claims could increase British exports from £3,600 to £200,000 annually[27]

Explorer describes clues on Hudson Bay that indicate nearness of "western sea" and existence of Northwest Passage[28]

References edit

  1. ^ Guéganic (2008), p. 13.
  2. ^ "George I". Official web site of the British monarchy. 30 December 2015. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  3. ^ "Memorandum of instructions to Sieur de La Jonquière" (translation; April 30, 1749), France Archives nationales. Accessed 19 July 2021
  4. ^ Pehr Kalm, Travels into North America; Vol. III (London, 1771), pgs. 55-7. (See brief remark on prostitutes and Kalm's description of Quebec City convent) Accessed 7 October 2017
  5. ^ "To Benjamin Franklin from Peter Kalm, 6 August 1749" U.S. National Archives. Accessed 23 November 2021
  6. ^ Élisabeth Rocbert de la Morandière, dite Madame Bégon, March 6, 1749 letter excerpt Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 15 November 2021
  7. ^ Élisabeth Rocbert de la Morandière, dite Madame Bégon, April 27, 1749 letter excerpt Archives nationales du Québec. Accessed 15 November 2021
  8. ^ "Bedford to Albemarle" (August 17, 1749), British Diplomatic Instructions; 1689-1789; Volume VII, France, Part IV, 1745-1789, pg. 7. Accessed 15 November 2021
  9. ^ John Entick et al., "Cape Breton having been given back" The General History of the Late War; Vol. I (1763), pgs. 16-17. Accessed 1 December 2021
  10. ^ "Proposals" (March 7, 1748-9), A Genuine Account of Nova Scotia[...]to which is Added[...]Proposals, as an Encouragement to those who are willing to settle there, pgs. 12-14. Accessed 8 November 2021 (See details and comments on this settlement plan)
  11. ^ Settler's letter (July 28, 1749), quoted in French Policy Defeated (1755), pg. 30ff. Accessed 17 November 2021
  12. ^ "A Declaration" (Govr. Cornwallis' Letter Book; July 14, 1749), Nova Scotia Archives; Acadian French, pgs. 165-6. (See also Council decision to require oath without reservation) Accessed 18 November 2021
  13. ^ "Minutes of a Council held on board The Beaufort" (July 31, 1749), Nova Scotia Documents; Acadian French, pgs. 168-9. Accessed 18 November 2021
  14. ^ Council meeting (August 1, 1749), Nova Scotia Documents; Acadian French, pg. 170. Accessed 18 November 2021
  15. ^ Council meeting (September 6, 1749), Nova Scotia Documents; Acadian French, pg. 170. (See Cornwallis's stern reply) Accessed 18 November 2021
  16. ^ 1749 Renewal at Chebucto of the Treaty of 1725 (August 15, 1749), Nova Scotia Archives. (See also ratification signed on September 4, 1749) Accessed 19 November 2021
  17. ^ William Douglass, "the French Coureurs des Bois and their Indians" A Summary, Historical and Political, of the[...]British Settlements in North-America; Vol. II, pg. 7. (See report of one attack) Accessed 17 November 2021
  18. ^ "Colonel Edward Cornwallis to Robert Napier" (December 6, 1749), Military Affairs in North America; 1748-1765 (1936), pgs. 8-9 (PDF pgs. 44-5). Accessed 19 November 2021
  19. ^ John Wilson, "In a Word" A Genuine Narrative of the Transactions in Nova Scotia, Since the Settlement, June 1749[....], pgs. 9-21. Accessed 16 November 2021
  20. ^ "Extract of a letter from Chebucto harbour, Nova Scotia, August 17" Historical Chronicle, October 1749. Accessed 15 November 2021
  21. ^ "A View of Halifax Drawn from ye Topmasthead" (published January 25, 1750), Nova Scotia Archives. Accessed 19 November 2021
  22. ^ "It was immediately upon the Back of this Peace" A Memorial Containing A summary View of Facts[...]in Answer to The Observations [of] the English Ministry[...]; Translated from the French (1757), pgs. 3-5ff. Accessed 16 November 2021
  23. ^ Council minutes (January 24, 1748/9), Nova Scotia Archives; Minutes of H.M. Council, 1736-1749, pgs. 99-100. Accessed 18 November 2021
  24. ^ "The Indian Natives of the Peninsula" A Geographical History of Nova Scotia (1749), pgs. 42-53. Accessed 16 November 2021
  25. ^ A Geographical History of Nova Scotia (1749), pgs. 48-9, 98-9. Accessed 11 January 2021
  26. ^ "Report from the Committee on the State of The Hudson's Bay Company" (April 24, 1749), pgs. 216, 217-19, 223, 226, 229, 231-4. Accessed 5 January 2021
  27. ^ A Short State of the Countries and Trade of North America Claimed by the Hudson's Bay Company (1749). (See rundown of several arguments against HBC) Accessed 16 November 2021
  28. ^ Henry Ellis, "The Third Part: Comprehending, Such Arguments(...)as serve to shew the great Probability of a Passage by the North West(...)" A Voyage to Hudson's-Bay, by the Dobbs Galley and California, In the Years 1746 and 1747[....] (1749), pgs. 136-47. Accessed 11 January 2021
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